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Clickbank Promo Tools
Broken Flux Generator
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The Broken Flux Generator operates on the principal of paths of magnetic flux
being made or broken. Instead of rotating magnets or coils, a series of disks are rotated
between the coils and the magnets that remain stationary either making a connection for
magnetic lines of flux, or breaks the connection of magnetic lines of flux. This uses basic
kick EMF found in a magnetic core material surrounded by either a conductor or a coil.
When the coil is shorted a widely known and understood phenomena caused by eddy
currents as displayed in eddy current tube causes a braking effect. The braking effect
actually causes the core with the shorted coil to actually be repelled away from a
changing number of magnetic lines. Considering the differences in how magnetic cores
respond, this core is always in saturation due to the permanent magnets. Therefore
inductance of any coils works out as if it were an air core coil or solenoid. If your output
frequency were 60 Hertz, then you would wind the red coils to have a value of inductance
as air core coils that would retain an inductive reactance of 1W at 30 Hertz. This prevents
the number of magnetic lines from reaching the maximum number for the coil or core
before a 60th of a second has passed, and continue changing during the period of time that
any given disk is passing between the magnet and coils. This should reduce the amount
of mechanical energy required to turn the generator to generate electricity, because the
disk surrounded with copper or aluminum will be kicked out away from the magnet and
the path of magnetic lines between it and the receiving coils. Where at the same moment
and equal number of soft steel laminated disks will be attracted and drawn into a centered
position between the coils and the magnets. The braking effect will slow the rotation
from the copper surrounded core material on approach then kick away as a result of the
tuned coil set to 1W at 30 Hertz. The maximum required current once calculated will
help to design this coil with the smallest diameter wire possible. Because, all of the
current required for whatever number of turns of wire should only be enough to bring the
core material to saturation, and a resistor can be used to limit the maximum possible short
circuit current and the result is a smaller diameter wire for the tuned coils.
In the diagram on the rotor these disks represent the copper seated disk/shorted
coil and the open core material.
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The next component on the list is the rotor in this diagram:
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It’s not perfectly balanced electronically. But, it is mechanically balanced due to
the differences in the weight of different assemblies. In the diagram the ideal device
would have every other disk surrounded by copper alternately. But, the magnets would
not align correctly. If there were only 8 disks, four copper encased disks would align
with two magnets and four laminated/light gray disks would align with the other two
remaining magnets. The ideal balance is 50% of the disks attract without any opposition
or braking/Kick EMF, where the other 50% experience both braking and Kick EMF. At
any point in a cycle both sides of a horseshoe magnet are allowed to complete a magnetic
circuit, or see the magnetic circuit broken as a result of the motion of the rotor and
currents induced on it. As I worked it out, I didn’t see the effect of what worked out like
an irrational number which concerned the dimensions and geometry I used in the design.
It would work if constructed, but the output would be erratic and patterned after the
encoded disk. I am not promising that this device will produce more than 740 watts per
horsepower applied to the rotor. It’s a design that I found novel, produced myself, and do
not have the funds to construct. I do know that it could very well require more
mechanical energy, but I doubt that because, the red coils are tuned and shorted.
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Of course, when you want power the four green coils are from where you take the
power from the system. When you see how the magnets are arranged and follow through
to read the reference material I provide, will make it all make sense that this thing
without moving magnets, or moving coils or brushes will work. If I used a horseshoe
magnet to connect across any two posts over any one coil, the magnetic lines would pass
through the core of the flux reciver.
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This is a diagram of the stator which is basically the magnets and the receiver
coils.
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In theory and in practice north will connect with south, even when the magnetic
lines travel in two directions through a magnetic material, the basic transformer core
materials. In space, the magnetic lines only place more or less here or there based upon
distance, and all of these distances are equal, which is an important feature.
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The following is an excerpt from an Issue of Scientific American distributed
without a copyright in 1887. You can find a copy here with the copyright information
available concerning the following.
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http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11498
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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
SUPPLEMENT NO. 601
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NEW YORK, JULY 9, 1887
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Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XXIV, No. 601.
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Scientific American established 1845
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PHENOMENA OF ALTERNATING CURRENTS.
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[Footnote: From a paper read before the recent meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers,
New York, and reported in the Electrical World.]
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By Prof. ELIHU THOMSON.
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The actions produced and producible by the agency of alternating currents of considerable energy are
assuming greater importance in the electric arts. I mean, of course, by the term alternating currents, currents
of electricity reversed at frequent intervals, so that a positive flow is succeeded by a negative flow, and that
again by a positive flow, such reversals occurring many times in a second, so that the curve of current of
electromotive force will, if plotted, be a wave line, the amplitude of which is the arithmetical sum of the
positive and negative maxima of current or electromotive force, as the case may be, while a horizontal
middle line joins the zero points of current or electromotive force.
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FIG. 1
It is well known that such a current passing in a coil or conductor laid parallel with or in inductive relation
to a second coil or conductor, will induce in the second conductor, if on open circuit, alternating
electromotive forces, and that if its terminals be closed or joined, alternating currents of the same rhythm,
period, or pitch, will circulate in the second conductor. This is the action occurring in any induction coil
whose primary wire is traversed by alternating currents, and whose secondary wire is closed either upon
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itself directly or through a resistance. What I desire to draw attention to in the present paper are the
mechanical actions of attraction and repulsion which will be exhibited between the two conductors, and the
novel results which may be obtained by modifications in the relative dispositions of the two conductors.
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FIG. 2.
In 1884, while preparing for the International Electrical Exhibition at Philadelphia, we had occasion to
construct a large electro-magnet, the cores of which were about six inches in diameter and about twenty
inches long. They were made of bundles of iron rod of about 5/16 inch diameter. When complete, the
magnet was energized by the current of a dynamo giving continuous currents, and it exhibited the usual
powerful magnetic effects. It was found also that a disk of sheet copper, of about 1/16 inch thickness and
10 inches in diameter, if dropped flat against a pole of the magnet, would settle down softly upon it, being
retarded by the development of currents in the disk due to its movement in a strong magnetic field, and
which currents were of opposite direction to those in the coils of the magnet. In fact, it was impossible to
strike the magnet pole a sharp blow with the disk, even when the attempt was made by holding one edge of
the disk in the hand and bringing it down forcibly toward the magnet. In attempting to raise the disk
quickly off the pole, a similar but opposite action of resistance to movement took place, showing the
development of currents in the same direction to those in the coils of the magnet, and which currents, of
course, would cause attraction as a result.
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Fig. 3
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The experiment was, however, varied, as in Fig. 1. The disk, D, was held over the magnet pole, as shown,
and the current in the magnet coils cut off by shunting them. There was felt an attraction of the disk or a dip
toward the pole. The current was then put on by opening the shunting switch, and a repulsive action or lift
of the disk was felt. The actions just described are what would be expected in such a case, for when
attraction took place, currents had been induced in the disk, D, in the same direction as those in the magnet
coils beneath it, and when repulsion took place the induced current in the disk was of opposite character or
direction to that in the coils.
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Fig. 4
Now let us imagine the current in the magnet coils to be not only cut off, but reversed back and forth.
For the reasons just given, we will find that the disk, D, is attracted and repelled alternately; for, whenever
the currents induced in it are of the same direction with those in the inducing or magnet coil, attraction will
ensue, and when they are opposite in direction, repulsion will be produced. Moreover, the repulsion will be
produced when the current in the magnet coil is rising to a maximum in either direction, and attraction will
be the result when the current of either direction is falling to zero, since in the former case opposite currents
are induced in the disk, D, in accordance with well known laws, and in the latter case currents of the same
direction will exist in the disk, D, and the magnet coil. The disk might, of course, be replaced by a ring of
copper or other good conductor, or by a closed coil of bare or insulated wire, or by a series of disks, rings
or coils superposed, and the results would be the same. Thus far, indeed, we have nothing of a particularly
novel character, and, doubtless, other experimenters have made very similar experiments and noted similar
results to those described.
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FIG. 5
The account just given of the effects produced by alternating currents, while true, is not the whole truth,
and just here we may supplement it by the following statements:
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An alternating current circuit or coil repels and attracts a closed circuit or coil placed in direct or
magnetic inductive relation therewith; but the repulsive effect is in excess of the attractive effect.
When the closed circuit or coil is so placed, and is of such low resistance metal that a comparatively large
current can circulate as an induced current, so as to be subject to a large self-induction, the repulsive far
exceeds the attractive effort.
For want of a better name, I shall call this excess of repulsive effect the "electro-inductive repulsion" of the
coils or circuits.
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FIG. 6.
This preponderating repulsive effect may be utilized or may show its presence by producing movement or
pressure in a given direction, by producing angular deflection as of a pivoted body, or by producing
continuous rotation with a properly organized structure. Some of the simple devices realizing the conditions
I will now describe.
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FIG. 7.
In Fig. 2, C is a coil traversed by alternating currents. B is a copper case or tube surrounding it, but not
exactly over its center. The copper tube, B, is fairly massive and is the seat of heavy induced currents.
There is a preponderance of repulsive action, tending to force the two conductors apart in an axial line. The
part, B, may be replaced by concentric tubes slid one in the other, or by a pile of flat rings, or by a closed
coil of coarse or fine wire insulated, or not. If the coil, C, or primary coil, is provided with an iron core such
as a bundle of fine iron wires, the effects are greatly increased in intensity, and the repulsion with a strong
primary current may become quite vigorous, many pounds of thrust being producible by apparatus of quite
moderate size.
The forms and relations of the two parts, C and B, may be greatly modified, with the general result of a
preponderance of repulsive action when the alternating currents circulate.
Fig. 3 shows the part, B, of an internally tapered or coned form, and C of an externally coned form, wound
on an iron wire bundle, I. The action in Fig. 2 may be said to be analogous to that of a plain solenoid with
its core, except that repulsion, and not attraction, is produced, while that of Fig. 3 is more like the action of
tapered or conically wound solenoids and taper cores. Of course, it is unnecessary that both be tapered. The
effect of such shaping is simply to modify the range of action and the amount of repulsive effort existing at
different parts of the range.
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FIG. 8.
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In Fig. 4 the arrangement is modified so that the coil, C, is outside, and the closed band or circuit, B, inside
and around the core, I. Electro-inductive repulsion is produced as before.
It will be evident that the repulsive actions will not be mechanically manifested by axial movement or
effort when the electrical middles of the coils or circuits are coincident. In cylindrical coils in which the
current is uniformly distributed through all the parts of the conductor section, what I here term the electrical
middle, or the center of gravity of the ampere turns of the coils, will be the plane at right angles to its axis
at its middle, that of B and C, in Fig. 4, being indicated by a dotted line. To repeat, then, when the centers
or center planes of the conductors, Fig. 4, coincide, no indication of electro-inductive repulsion is given,
because it is mutually balanced in all directions; but when the coils are displaced, a repulsion is manifested,
which reaches a maximum at a position depending on the peculiarities of proportion and distribution of
current at any time in the two circuits or conductors.
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FIG. 9.
It is not my purpose now to discuss the ways of determining the distribution of currents and mechanical
effects, as that would extend the present paper much beyond its intended limit. The forms and relative
arrangement of the two conductors may be greatly varied. In Fig. 5 the parts are of equal diameter, one, B,
being a closed ring, and the other, C, being an annular coil placed parallel thereto; and an iron core or wire
bundle placed in the common axis of the two coils increases the repulsive action. B may be simply a disk or
plate of any form, without greatly affecting the nature of the action produced. It may also be composed of a
pile of copper washers or a coil of wire, as before indicated.
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FIG. 10.
An arrangement of parts somewhat analogous to that of a horseshoe electro magnet and armature is shown
in Fig. 6. The alternating current coils, C C', are wound upon an iron wire bundle bent into U form, and
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opposite its poles is placed a pair of thick copper disks, B B', which are attracted and repelled, but with an
excess of repulsion depending on their form, thickness, etc.
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FIG. 11.
If the iron core takes the form of that shown by I I, Fig. 7, such as a cut ring with the coil, C, wound
thereon, the insertion of a heavy copper plate, B, into the slot or divided portion of the ring will be opposed
by a repulsive effort when alternating currents pass in C. This was the first form of device in which I
noticed the phenomenon of repulsive preponderance in question. The tendency is to thrust the plate, B, out
of the slot in the ring excepting only when its center is coincident with the magnetic axis joining the poles
of the ring between which B is placed.
If the axes of the conductors, Fig. 5, are not coincident, but displaced, as in Fig. 8, then, besides a simple
repulsion apart, there is a lateral component or tendency, as indicated by the arrows. Akin to this is the
experiment illustrated in Fig. 9. Here the closed conductor, B, is placed with its plane at right angles to that
of C, wound on a wire bundle. The part, B, tends to move toward the center of the coil, C, so that its axis
will be in the middle plane of C, transverse to the core, as indicated by the dotted line. This leads us at once
to another class of actions, i.e., deflective actions.
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FIG. 12.
When one of the conductors, as B, Fig. 10, composed of a disk, or, better, of a pile of thin copper disks, or
of a closed coil of wire, is mounted on an axis, X, transverse to the axis of coil, C, through which coil the
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alternating current passes, a deflection of B to the position indicated by dotted lines will take place, unless
the plane of B is at the start exactly coincident with that of C. If slightly inclined at the start, deflection will
be caused as stated. It matters not whether the coil, C, incloses the part, B, or be inclosed by it, or whether
the coil, C, be pivoted and B fixed, or both be pivoted. In Fig. 11 the coil, C, surrounds an iron wire core,
and B is pivoted above it, as shown. It is deflected, as before, to the position indicated in dotted lines.
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FIG. 13
It is important to remark here that in cases where deflection is to be obtained, as in Figs. 10 and 11, B had
best be made of a pile of thin washers or a closed coil of insulated wire instead of a solid ring. This avoids
the lessening of effect which would come from the induction of currents in the ring, B, in other directions
than parallel to its circumference.
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FIG. 14.
We will now turn our attention to the explanation of the actions exhibited, and afterward refer to their
possible applications. It may be stated as certainly true that were the induced currents in the closed
conductor unaffected by any self-induction, the only phenomena exhibited would be alternate equal
attractions and repulsions, because currents would be induced in opposite directions to that of the primary
current when the latter current was changing from zero to maximum positive or negative current, so
producing repulsion; and would be induced in the same direction when changing from maximum positive
or negative value to zero, so producing attraction.
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This condition can be illustrated by a diagram, Fig. 12. Here the lines of zero current are the horizontal
straight lines. The wavy lines represent the variations of current strength in each conductor, the current in
one direction being indicated by that portion of the curve above the zero line, and in the other direction by
that portion below it. The vertical dotted lines simply mark off corresponding portions of phase or
succession of times.
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FIG. 15
Here it will be seen that in the positive primary current descending from m, its maximum, to the zero line,
the secondary current has risen from its zero to m¹, its maximum. Attraction will therefore ensue, for the
currents are in the same direction in the two conductors. When the primary current increases from zero to
its negative maximum, n, the positive current in the secondary closed circuit will be decreasing from m¹, its
positive maximum, to zero; but, as the currents are in opposite directions, repulsion will occur. These
actions of attraction and repulsion will be reproduced continually, there being a repulsion, then an
attraction, then a repulsion, and again an attraction, during one complete wave of the primary current. The
letters, r, a, at the foot of the diagram, Fig. 12, indicate this succession.
In reality, however, the effects of self-induction in causing a lag, shift, or retardation of phase in the
secondary current will considerably modify the results, and especially so when the secondary conductor is
constructed so as to give to such self-induction a large value. In other words, the maxima of the primary or
inducing current will no longer be found coincident with the zero points of the secondary currents. The
effect will be the same as if the line representing the wave of the secondary current in Fig. 12 had been
shifted forward to a greater or less extent. This is indicated in diagram, Fig. 13. It gives doubtless an
exaggerated view of the action, though from the effects of repulsion which I have produced, I should say it
is by no means an unrealizable condition.
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Fig. 16.
It will be noticed that the period during which the currents are opposite, and during which repulsion can
take place, is lengthened at the expense of the period during which the currents are in the same direction for
attractive action. These differing periods are marked r, a, etc., or the period during which repulsion exists is
from the zero of the primary or inducing current to the succeeding zero of the secondary or induced current;
and the period during which attraction exists is from the zero of the induced current to the zero of inducing
current.
But far more important still in giving prominence to the repulsive effect than this difference of effective
period is the fact that during the period of repulsion both the inducing and induced currents have their
greatest values, while during the period of attraction the currents are of small amounts comparatively. This
condition may be otherwise expressed by saying that the period during which repulsion occurs includes all
the maxima of current, while the period of attraction includes no maxima. There is then a repulsion due to
the summative effects of strong opposite currents for a lengthened period, against an attraction due to the
summative effects of weak currents of the same direction during a shortened period, the resultant effect
being a greatly preponderating repulsion.
It is now not difficult to understand all the actions before described as obtained with the varied relations of
coils, magnetic fields, and closed circuits. It will be easily understood, also, that an alternating magnetic
field is in all respects the same as an alternating current coil in producing repulsion on the closed
conductor, because the repulsions between the two conductors are the result of magnetic repulsions arising
from opposing fields produced by the coils when the currents are of opposite directions in them.
Thus far I have applied the repulsive action described in the construction of alternating current indicators,
alternating current arc lamps, regulating devices for alternating currents, and to rotary motors for such
currents. For current indicators, a pivoted or suspended copper band or ring composed of thin washers piled
together and insulated from one another, and made to carry a pointer or index has been placed in the axis of
a coil conveying alternating currents whose amount or potential is to be indicated. Gravity or a spring is
used to bring the index to the zero of a divided scale, at which time the plane of the copper ring or band
makes an angle of, say, 15 degrees to 20 degrees with the plane of the coil. This angle is increased by
deflection more or less great, according to the current traversing the coil. The instrument can be calibrated
for set conditions of use. Time would not permit of a full description of these arrangements as made up to
the present.
In arc lamps the magnet for forming the arc can be composed of a closed conductor, a coil for the passage
of current, and an iron wire core. The repulsive action upon the closed conductor lifts and regulates the
carbons in much the same manner that electro magnets do when continuous currents are used. The electroinductive repulsive action has also been applied to regulating devices for alternating currents, with the
details of which I cannot now deal.
For the construction of an alternating current motor which can be started from a state of rest the principle
has also been applied, and it may here be remarked that a number of designs of such motors is practicable.
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One of the simplest is as follows: The coils, C, Fig. 14, are traversed by an alternating current and are
placed over a coil, B, mounted upon a horizontal axis, transverse to the axis of the coil, C. The terminals of
the coil, B, which is wound with insulated wire, are carried to a commutator, the brushes being connected
by a wire, as indicated. The commutator is so constructed as to keep the coil, B, on short circuit from the
position of coincidence with the plane of C to the position where the plane of B is at right angles to that of
C; and to keep the coil, B, open-circuited from the right-angled position, or thereabouts, to the position of
parallel or coincident planes. The deflective repulsion exhibited by B will, when its circuit is completed by
the commutator and brushes, as described, act to place its plane at right angles to that of C; but being then
open-circuited, its momentum carries it to the position just past parallelism, at which moment it is again
short-circuited, and so on. It is capable of very rapid rotation, but its energy is small. I have, however,
extended the principle to the construction of more complete apparatus. One form has its revolving portion
or armature composed of a number of sheet iron disks wound as usual with three coils crossing near the
shaft. The commutator is arranged to short-circuit each of these coils in succession, and twice in a
revolution, and for a period of 90-degrees of rotation each. The field coils surround the armature, and there
is a laminated iron field structure completing the magnetic circuit. I may say here that surrounding the
armature of a dynamo by the field coils, though very recently put forth as a new departure, was described in
various Thomson-Houston patents, and to a certain extent all Thomson-Houston machines embody this
feature.
Figs. 15 and 16 will give an idea of the construction of the motor referred to. CC' are the field coils or
inducing coils, which alone are put into the alternating current circuit. II is a mass of laminated iron, in the
interior of which the armature revolves, with its three coils, B, B², B³, wound on a core of sheet iron disks.
The commutator short-circuits the armature coils in succession in the proper positions to utilize the
repulsive effect set up by the currents which are induced in them by the alternations in the field coils. The
motor has no dead point, and will start from a state of rest and give out considerable power, but with what
economy is not yet known.
A curious property of the machine is that at a certain speed, depending on the rapidity of the alternations in
the coil, C, a continuous current passes from one commutator brush to the other, and it will energize electro
magnets and perform other actions of direct currents. Here we have, then, a means of inducing direct
currents from alternating currents. To control the speed and keep it at that required for the purpose, we have
only to properly gear the motor to another of the ordinary type for alternating currents, namely, an
alternating-current dynamo used as a motor. The charging of storage batteries would not be difficult with
such a machine, even from an alternating-current line, though the losses might be considerable.
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